While the process will vary between institutions, there are some key criteria most lenders use to assess potential borrowers. We’ve broken down what a lender will ask for from you, why it needs it and what will inform its decision to ultimately approve or reject you.
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Base criteria of: a $400,000 loan amount, variable, fixed, principal and interest (P&I) home loans with an LVR (loan-to-value) ratio of at least 80%. However, the ‘Compare Home Loans’ table allows for calculations to be made on variables as selected and input by the user. Some products will be marked as promoted, featured or sponsored and may appear prominently in the tables regardless of their attributes. All products will list the LVR with the product and rate which are clearly published on the product provider’s website. Monthly repayments, once the base criteria are altered by the user, will be based on the selected products’ advertised rates and determined by the loan amount, repayment type, loan term and LVR as input by the user/you. *The Comparison rate is based on a $150,000 loan over 25 years. Warning: this comparison rate is true only for this example and may not include all fees and charges. Different terms, fees or other loan amounts might result in a different comparison rate. Rates correct as of June 5, 2023. View disclaimer.
Identity documents
The first thing your lender will want to ensure is that it has your details on record so you can’t disappear into the sunset without repaying a cent. It will request basic identity documents that prove your identity and residency. These could include:
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Driver’s licence
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Passport
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Medicare card
Prove you can pay
Once your lender is satisfied you are who you say you are, it will verify that you will be able to repay the loan. While home loans are secured against the property, repossession is still a time consuming and expensive process lenders want to avoid, so there are several criteria applicants need to satisfy. While the basic calculation is subtracting your expenses from your income to see if you will have enough each month to make payments, it’s a little bit more complicated than just that.
Income
If you are an employee, demonstrating your income is as simple as a few payslips. The self-employed may need to provide more evidence of their income, like tax returns or financial statements for their business. Since self employed people tend to have a slightly higher default rate, lenders will adjust their standards accordingly, so it’s a bit harder to be accepted for a loan.
Expenses (HEM)
When assessing expenses, lenders are required to use the Household Expenditure Measure (HEM) alongside your expense history. This is a formula that estimates a minimum monthly expenditure for a given household, taking into account age, location, number of dependants and standard of living, among several other things.
When you apply for a home loan, you will need to submit your income and expenses over a given period, say six months. Your lender will come up with an average monthly expenditure based on this. When it assesses your application, it will typically use the higher out of this figure or the number generated by the HEM.
Serviceability buffers (and floor rate)
After taking into account your income and expenses, your lender will have a good idea of how much you can currently afford in repayments. Over the course of a home loan though, the interest rate you are paying is likely to change many times. There’s also the chance your financial circumstances change (illness, loss of job etc.) that could affect your ability to repay the loan.
This means that lenders will want to stress test your mortgage, to make sure you’d be able to continue paying at a higher rate (or your repayments become higher relative to your income). APRA currently enforce a 3% serviceability buffer that lenders need to use to do this. This means if you are applying for a loan at 5% p.a., your lender will generally be testing whether you could repay the loan at 8% p.a. Prior to 2021, APRA also enforced a floor rate of 7%. Applications were judged against the higher of this floor rate or the agreed rate plus the serviceability buffer. This is not currently enforced, but most banks will have their own floor rate (CBA for example have a floor rate of 5.25% p.a).
Risk
Deposit size and LVR
Loan to value ratio (LVR) is one of the main metrics lenders use to assess how risky a loan is. LVR refers to how big the loan is relative to the size of the asset used as collateral. It is a means to assess the risk of negative equity (where the loan balance exceeds the value of the asset), which could result in the lender making a loss in the event of a default.
Imagine you take out a loan of $900,000 to buy a property for $1,000,000. This would make your LVR 90% (900,000/1,000,000 x 100). Now imagine after one year, you have paid off $40,000, so you have an outstanding loan amount of $860,000. At the same time, the property market has dropped and the property is now only worth $800,000. Should you now default on your repayments, and the bank repossesses the property, it will make a loss, since it is owed $860,000 and will not be able to recoup this full amount by selling the property.
Lenders will take the LVR into consideration when assessing a loan application. Higher LVR loans present a greater risk, so lenders are often more apprehensive before issuing them. A high LVR (80% or above is usually a good benchmark) means there is less chance the application will be accepted, and also usually means you will be charged for Lenders Mortgage Insurance (LMI). This is a policy designed to protect the lender from the risks of negative equity.
LMI can sometimes be tens of thousands of dollars. It’s one of the big reasons why putting together a sizeable deposit is useful, and it’s definitely something to check before you pursue a home loan. You can use our LMI calculator to estimate how much you could be charged.
Riskier suburbs
Although loans with an LVR above 80% being charged LMI is a general rule of thumb, it is by no means a uniform policy. In many cases, lenders will alter this threshold in certain areas they deem riskier. Property in mining towns, for example, where demand can fluctuate wildly, might be deemed more likely to run into negative equity positions, and thus lower LVR thresholds might be imposed. Areas particularly susceptible to natural disasters like flooding (like Lismore in NSW) could also have similar restrictions.
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Savings.com.au’s two cents
As a borrower, it can be easy to get frustrated by the hoops your lender is making you jump through before you can get the funds you’re after. A rejected application might seem absurd; you are a customer after all, and you wouldn’t catch many other industries refusing somebody’s business.
Responsible lending though is crucial to the stability of our economy. Loans are usually a bank’s largest asset, so if it is forced to write off too many because customers can’t repay them, it might run into problems meeting liabilities.
A bank collapsing can have huge ramifications for the whole financial system, and could result in a government bailout or lead to a recession. High default rates can also lead to an oversupply in the property market, which often means prices slump.
You should generally accept that any reputable lender will have fairly stringent mortgage lending criteria. It’s a good idea to familiarise yourself with them all, including all the ways you can minimise the cost (reducing LMI, getting a better rate etc.). Once you begin your application, being as transparent and personable as possible could go a long way to streamlining the process.
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